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Cohen’s d is the difference between two means divided by the standard deviation of the mean of the control group, or by a pooled estimate based on the standard deviations of both groups.An effect size is a way of measuring the size of an observed effect, usually relative to the background error.
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Ratio variable: The same as an interval variable, but the ratios of scores on the scale must also make sense (e.g., a score of 16 on an anxiety scale means that the person is, in reality, twice as anxious as someone scoring 8).Interval variable: Equal intervals on the variable represent equal differences in the property being measured (e.g., the difference between 6 and 8 is equivalent to the difference between 13 and 15).Continuous (entities get a distinct score):.Ordinal variable: The same as a nominal variable but the categories have a logical order (e.g., whether people got a fail, a pass, a merit or a distinction in their exam).Nominal variable: There are more than two categories (e.g., whether someone is an omnivore, vegetarian, vegan, or fruitarian).Binary variable: There are only two categories (e.g., dead or alive).Categorical (entities are divided into distinct categories):.Variables can be split into categorical and continuous, and within these types there are different levels of measurement:.